Notes from Underground [1] is a story written by Dostoyevsky, in 1864. It is divided into two parts: the first theory in which the protagonist recounts firsthand his inner state, while the second part, entitled Speaking of wet snow, tells the true protagonist's memories, memories of youth that are not more underscores the truth of the statements contained in the first part theoretical.
In the first part, the hero, turning to a hypothetical interlocutor, speaking of himself, of upbringing, education and the complex nature of its quality and defects which he defines as "underground."
The ground is hidden and concealed that personality at all, which emerges only after a detailed analysis and investigation in the depths of man, in that so far none of us ever wants to go into, because it is full of unpleasantness of things we like to forget. The subsoil is a tangle of feelings that do not control, we do not like in ourselves and we keep hidden from our social mask. The company demands a certain type of behavior and we respect him, but the soil present in each of us every so often brings out drives that do not control. These drives can sometimes lead to the infringement of social norms, as is indeed the man of the soil, which refuses to adapt to the expectations that others have in him and acts like he wants.
As can be seen in the last part of the novel, one of the outcomes to which it leads the investigation of the subsurface is that man is incapable of coping with the confusion that has arisen from this investigation and this led him to prefer unconsciousness to consciousness.
At this point the author should be followed in a few basic steps, and above all in its considerations related to the theme of freedom.
The criticism that most commonly appears in this first part concerns the right. According to Dostoevsky wants to find the reason to fix the precise coordinates of good and evil, sickness and health. But then he seems to categorically deny that with the famous phrase:
I am a sick person ..... I am a bad person. I think I have a liver disease. No sir, I do not want to take care of and I do not want just to spite [2] .
is not, therefore, a purely physical disease, but a psychological and spiritual disease, a spiritual disease that leads the indecision continues, and the pleasure of his conscience and the moral degradation of his baseness, he belongs to the category of people who enjoy to be humiliated, but this desire for humiliation comes not from desire of suffering as atonement for their sins, this self- Stoning is a sort of sadistic performance of his meanness. The character of the subsoil
states that the arithmetic does not fit human nature, he should be a higher mathematics. In humans regarded in its depth, there is a need for contempt of suffering and happiness. He wonders how people manage to be firm in his conviction that only what is normal positive for him prosperity is not necessarily an advantage, the Underground Man is wondering if the case is not that the reason it is wrong in assessing the benefits? It is not that man as well as prosperity and opulence like the deprivation and suffering, perhaps the pain is just as convenient and attractive as the prosperity? The Underground Man is totally convinced of this by identifying the chaos so attractive to the man so that this does not deprive it ever, because the suffering and chaos result is the true origin of consciousness. Therefore, the degradation and suffering as opulence:
Now I got want to tell you why I was unable to even become an insect. And I will tell you solemnly that many times I wanted to become an insect. I swear to you, gentlemen, that to be too conscious is an illness, a genuine, absolute disease, it would be quite sufficient, for example, that awareness of where people live the so-called spontaneous and men of action. [3]
People are always ready and easy spontaneous decision, because they have "a clear consciousness." They have the foundation of justice, in a clear and distinct, and can easily organize your life according to their dictates that coincides with what is right. But our hero wants to refute this very position, which only considers a form of truth and justice:
Again, rather strongly I repeat: all those wild and the men of action, are such precisely because they are dumb and limited. They, in consequence of their limitations, the causes closest exchange and yet secondary to the primary causes, and thus can more quickly and more easily than others to be convinced to have found an indisputable foundation for the way they act and thus tranquilize [4] .
But this is precisely what criticism of our protagonist. These people think they have found a good foundation in the primary cause of their actions, but this is not true, so that even the good conscience of which they are proud of is false, how false is their justice.
Even the main character has no clear ideas on the foundation and the primary cause, but at least not false consciousness, is aware of uncertainty and human wandering about these issues. Even on the freedom he has something important to say. Those who stick to the reason they think that the decision depends on knowledge. Just know the dictates of morality, what is good and what is bad for bearings. Just know, they say, their interest to act accordingly. But he, a man of clear consciousness, shows that it is not true and often, despite knowing that must follow the dictates, continues to act against its own interests, with full awareness, in fact, he says:
Oh, tell me who was the first to declare who was the first to proclaim that man is rogue only because he knows what its real interests, and that if instead it is lit, if someone opened our eyes to those who are his real, normal interests, he stopped immediately to make his villain, at once become good and noble, as being now enlightened and understand why what his personal benefit, he would know precisely recognize the advantage for good: and as is well known that no individual could ever knowingly act against their own advantage, it follows that we begin to do good, say so out of necessity. [5]
Our protagonist rejects precisely this argument, first because we do not know what the advantage and second, because, knowing where the action is beneficial in itself, very often we act against our advantage :
And if, at one time or another, this advantage could not, but even were to consist precisely in the fact that in some cases you want for themselves what was bad, but of what is beneficial? [6]
Just in the quotation above is exposed the weakness of reason and the reason for the frontal part of the protagonist from the rationalism of the subsurface because it would explain it all but clear dictates of the second frame, the will discover that in itself is easily separated from reason:
Yes, but for me it is here that the donkey falls. And you certainly will excuse me, gentlemen, if now I have started to philosophize, but here we are forty years underground! So allow me to fantasize a bit '. Yes, because, you see, the reason, gentlemen, is a great beautiful thing, do not argue, but the reason is only reason and satisfies only the discursive capacity of man, as an act of will is the manifestation of all life, that is a whole human life including reason and all that the number of multiples. And even if our life in this way to manifest it comes out mostly in the form of schifezzuola, the fact remains that it is still living and not some square root extraction. It is because I, just as an example, it is perfectly natural desire to live to meet all my ability to live, and not only my ability to meet discursive But .[.....] the human will, very often, and even more often than is absolutely and stubbornly at odds with the reasoning E. .. E. .. And you know that this is useful and sometimes even praiseworthy [7] .
The upshot of all this reasoning of the protagonist reveals a disturbing reality of the underground man: the inability to decide for the good. His fate will be that of solitude, ineptitude, estrangement from society and that is why the clear consciousness is a disease. It would be better not to have this clarity, but now our protagonist can not pull back and clear his conscience, being relegated to the suffering that suggests his soul that he puts in front of all his worries and doubts that are differentiated from ordinary people living their lives in the absence of questions about what is really right and what is truly wrong. If this is true of the so-called spontaneous people should not rejoice and be quiet because they are fools:
At the end of the fine gentlemen: it is better to do nothing! It is better aware of the inertia! So long live the underground [8] .
The difference between himself and the people's own spontaneous here: he, the protagonist, is aware of all the contradictions in his own being, in his own act, in his will, and people will spontaneously form, and then they are false, this thesis is not easily supported, as embodies a certain degree of criticism of a band very Ambia society, the so-called company, but this seems to me that Dostoevsky's character wants to say through his thoughts, as it deliberately devoid of any label.
The second part of the story unfolds with the presence of some episodes that do nothing but demonstrate his inability to fit into the social life and work. But the episode that most strikes, and that is the last of this series has to do with his inability to love. This inability is constructed the figure of Lisa.
Lisa is a girl found by chance in a brothel and invited her home with the excuse that he loves her. But here you will see the inability to love his obsession: to possess with violence only to humiliate her, as he felt humiliated
Why did you come? "Answer! Reply, "cried almost beside me. I'll tell you, my love, why you came. You are coming because the last time I told you the words of pity. So you touched et'รจ felt like other "words of pity." Well, we know that this time I have laughed at you, know this well. And now you ride. What are you shaking? I laughed, yes! Before m'avevano offended, to lunch, and those who came before me that night? Here, they had been. I come to you for stepping on an officer, but I had not failed, I was not on time, so I had to vent on someone, for that offense, I had to refer back, right? I happened to you six to hand, so my anger and it poured on you, and then I made some great laughs. I was humiliated, and so I wanted to humiliate someone, I was treated like a rag, and it was from my show I felt like my power ..... that's what it was, but you're long gone and to think that I had arrived there on purpose to save you, eh? That 's what you thought? That 's what you thought? [9] .
Lisa is the new man in a life littered the ground from normality, hatred and suspicion toward the neighbor, he feels this woman suddenly confronted with a new and unheard of for him, realizing that this girl does not look like him, a statement, not as he is engaged in a fight, but instead wants to give herself to him for help and be near him, for all his blather that has understand only one thing, he realized that he is deeply, hopelessly unhappy. For the Underground Man this is an unprecedented disclosure of which has only read about in books, he feels only then that there is a different kind of love, a state of grace that can afford to get out of hatred the next that followed him throughout his life, this feeling may be the way that allows him without a struggle to obtain recognition of himself that he had ever really tried to win by imposing its rule and exploiting the other. Lisa as the Christ of the legend of Ivan teach with silence and with only his presence. It will not be rhetoric or the dialectic that will save the world but only silence, contemplating our next goal of not as a means to achieve a goal, but as an end which we should draw, and to achieve this end, perhaps we should remember that before we have a person made in our image and likeness.
hatred towards others, can not lead anywhere, the only concrete result is to develop within our soul consciousness hypertrophic, which we pulling them deeper and deeper in our basement. This soil is loneliness and isolation from human society, it ceases to be a man 'social animal' according to the famous definition of Aristotle, he loses the quality of "social" simply to keep an animal, condemned to struggle for survival, competition with other human beings, with feelings of hostility and hatred, in dreams of revenge and domination. It is in these dreams, and in this gnashing of teeth that he is increasingly macerating the soul of man.
In this work there is no salvation. Our protagonist will be the victim of her I was sick and sick of his freedom. Sibaldi as rightly pointed out in the introduction to Memories of the Basement:
Christ does not have access to the soul of the underground man: the fate of these is not to be saved, to stay on this side, a little 'as the 'friendly Devil's Ivan Karamazov, who said not to have joined, on Ascension Day of Jesus, the glorious choirs of angels held back because of common sense and fear of appearing ridiculous [10]
He will be blocked by reasoning and reasoning, from the ability to reason and to think using common sense will always keep him away from society, and by the common man, which he certainly does not belong in this regard is the interesting part of the novel de The Brothers Karamazov in which Ivan tells of the devil because they joined the merry ranks of cherubim and seraphim of the day Christ's ascension into heaven. Even the devil as the Underground Man is driven by rationalism, which then inhibit its strong artistic streak which led him to join the scenes of jubilation and shout Hosanna too.
I was there - says Ivan Karamazov's Devil - when the Word died on the cross was taken up into heaven, carrying on its bosom the soul of the thief crucified on his right hand, I have heard the joyful shrieks of the cherubim singing and glorifying with the Hosanna and the thunderous cry of rapture of the seraphim which shook heaven and the universe. And here, I swear on all that is sacred, I wanted to join the chorus and shout to everyone: "Hosanna." I already flew away, I tore from his chest ..... I know, are very sensitive, especially art. But common sense - the more unfortunate trait of my character - kept me even then to the extent due and I let the moment pass! Because, I thought at that very minute, what would happen after my "Hosanna"? Now everything would be off the ground and would not happen anymore. And then only to serve and to my status, I was forced to choke me in a good time and stay in the dirt. All about the good if someone else takes it, and I left the lot and only evil. But I do not envy the honor of living scrounger, I are not ambitious. [11]
Lisa had tried, and for her humiliating tumultuous encounter with the Underground Man, a hug to let him know that he would not take much to save: it was enough to recognize his evil, his spiritual distortions. But our character does not collect this opportunity is lost and disappearing into thin air, reducing to a single wound pain, a being who is suffering terribly personal loneliness, totally incapable of any relationship with his peers, but one thing is sure and certain as in Dostoevsky says Nikolai Berdyaev [12] :
There is nothing to lose man, every discovery is only in him, everything depends on him alone. When he was still close to Dostoevsky, N. Strachov observed: "His whole focus was on men and he was stretched to accommodate only their nature and their character. It affects men, only men, their spiritual structure, their way of life, their feelings and thoughts. " [13]
After clarifying this statement one can say with some degree of confidence that memories of the underground, is a novel that has gutted the innermost thoughts of the human mind by focusing it man; man tormented, insecure, hating next poured upon their fears, but depicts a man capable of a self-diagnosis, often convoluted and muddled but always able to find a result, whether positive or negative does not matter, it is commendable that the mind does a meta-communication about itself in order to understand first of all its neighbors.
The Underground Man is not entirely negative because they hide in him the seeds of rebirth. Paradoxically, the wickedness and cynicism are characteristics that can help man an improvement and its rebirth as a forest fire in the ashes of burnt trees are used as fertilizer for the soil, Similarly the feelings of hatred can help the human spirit to move towards its regeneration. The Underground Man is the dawn of man who is looking his way, there remained a man who may still be wrong.
In the first part, the hero, turning to a hypothetical interlocutor, speaking of himself, of upbringing, education and the complex nature of its quality and defects which he defines as "underground."
The ground is hidden and concealed that personality at all, which emerges only after a detailed analysis and investigation in the depths of man, in that so far none of us ever wants to go into, because it is full of unpleasantness of things we like to forget. The subsoil is a tangle of feelings that do not control, we do not like in ourselves and we keep hidden from our social mask. The company demands a certain type of behavior and we respect him, but the soil present in each of us every so often brings out drives that do not control. These drives can sometimes lead to the infringement of social norms, as is indeed the man of the soil, which refuses to adapt to the expectations that others have in him and acts like he wants.
As can be seen in the last part of the novel, one of the outcomes to which it leads the investigation of the subsurface is that man is incapable of coping with the confusion that has arisen from this investigation and this led him to prefer unconsciousness to consciousness.
At this point the author should be followed in a few basic steps, and above all in its considerations related to the theme of freedom.
The criticism that most commonly appears in this first part concerns the right. According to Dostoevsky wants to find the reason to fix the precise coordinates of good and evil, sickness and health. But then he seems to categorically deny that with the famous phrase:
I am a sick person ..... I am a bad person. I think I have a liver disease. No sir, I do not want to take care of and I do not want just to spite [2] .
is not, therefore, a purely physical disease, but a psychological and spiritual disease, a spiritual disease that leads the indecision continues, and the pleasure of his conscience and the moral degradation of his baseness, he belongs to the category of people who enjoy to be humiliated, but this desire for humiliation comes not from desire of suffering as atonement for their sins, this self- Stoning is a sort of sadistic performance of his meanness. The character of the subsoil
states that the arithmetic does not fit human nature, he should be a higher mathematics. In humans regarded in its depth, there is a need for contempt of suffering and happiness. He wonders how people manage to be firm in his conviction that only what is normal positive for him prosperity is not necessarily an advantage, the Underground Man is wondering if the case is not that the reason it is wrong in assessing the benefits? It is not that man as well as prosperity and opulence like the deprivation and suffering, perhaps the pain is just as convenient and attractive as the prosperity? The Underground Man is totally convinced of this by identifying the chaos so attractive to the man so that this does not deprive it ever, because the suffering and chaos result is the true origin of consciousness. Therefore, the degradation and suffering as opulence:
Now I got want to tell you why I was unable to even become an insect. And I will tell you solemnly that many times I wanted to become an insect. I swear to you, gentlemen, that to be too conscious is an illness, a genuine, absolute disease, it would be quite sufficient, for example, that awareness of where people live the so-called spontaneous and men of action. [3]
People are always ready and easy spontaneous decision, because they have "a clear consciousness." They have the foundation of justice, in a clear and distinct, and can easily organize your life according to their dictates that coincides with what is right. But our hero wants to refute this very position, which only considers a form of truth and justice:
Again, rather strongly I repeat: all those wild and the men of action, are such precisely because they are dumb and limited. They, in consequence of their limitations, the causes closest exchange and yet secondary to the primary causes, and thus can more quickly and more easily than others to be convinced to have found an indisputable foundation for the way they act and thus tranquilize [4] .
But this is precisely what criticism of our protagonist. These people think they have found a good foundation in the primary cause of their actions, but this is not true, so that even the good conscience of which they are proud of is false, how false is their justice.
Even the main character has no clear ideas on the foundation and the primary cause, but at least not false consciousness, is aware of uncertainty and human wandering about these issues. Even on the freedom he has something important to say. Those who stick to the reason they think that the decision depends on knowledge. Just know the dictates of morality, what is good and what is bad for bearings. Just know, they say, their interest to act accordingly. But he, a man of clear consciousness, shows that it is not true and often, despite knowing that must follow the dictates, continues to act against its own interests, with full awareness, in fact, he says:
Oh, tell me who was the first to declare who was the first to proclaim that man is rogue only because he knows what its real interests, and that if instead it is lit, if someone opened our eyes to those who are his real, normal interests, he stopped immediately to make his villain, at once become good and noble, as being now enlightened and understand why what his personal benefit, he would know precisely recognize the advantage for good: and as is well known that no individual could ever knowingly act against their own advantage, it follows that we begin to do good, say so out of necessity. [5]
Our protagonist rejects precisely this argument, first because we do not know what the advantage and second, because, knowing where the action is beneficial in itself, very often we act against our advantage :
And if, at one time or another, this advantage could not, but even were to consist precisely in the fact that in some cases you want for themselves what was bad, but of what is beneficial? [6]
Just in the quotation above is exposed the weakness of reason and the reason for the frontal part of the protagonist from the rationalism of the subsurface because it would explain it all but clear dictates of the second frame, the will discover that in itself is easily separated from reason:
Yes, but for me it is here that the donkey falls. And you certainly will excuse me, gentlemen, if now I have started to philosophize, but here we are forty years underground! So allow me to fantasize a bit '. Yes, because, you see, the reason, gentlemen, is a great beautiful thing, do not argue, but the reason is only reason and satisfies only the discursive capacity of man, as an act of will is the manifestation of all life, that is a whole human life including reason and all that the number of multiples. And even if our life in this way to manifest it comes out mostly in the form of schifezzuola, the fact remains that it is still living and not some square root extraction. It is because I, just as an example, it is perfectly natural desire to live to meet all my ability to live, and not only my ability to meet discursive But .[.....] the human will, very often, and even more often than is absolutely and stubbornly at odds with the reasoning E. .. E. .. And you know that this is useful and sometimes even praiseworthy [7] .
The upshot of all this reasoning of the protagonist reveals a disturbing reality of the underground man: the inability to decide for the good. His fate will be that of solitude, ineptitude, estrangement from society and that is why the clear consciousness is a disease. It would be better not to have this clarity, but now our protagonist can not pull back and clear his conscience, being relegated to the suffering that suggests his soul that he puts in front of all his worries and doubts that are differentiated from ordinary people living their lives in the absence of questions about what is really right and what is truly wrong. If this is true of the so-called spontaneous people should not rejoice and be quiet because they are fools:
At the end of the fine gentlemen: it is better to do nothing! It is better aware of the inertia! So long live the underground [8] .
The difference between himself and the people's own spontaneous here: he, the protagonist, is aware of all the contradictions in his own being, in his own act, in his will, and people will spontaneously form, and then they are false, this thesis is not easily supported, as embodies a certain degree of criticism of a band very Ambia society, the so-called company, but this seems to me that Dostoevsky's character wants to say through his thoughts, as it deliberately devoid of any label.
The second part of the story unfolds with the presence of some episodes that do nothing but demonstrate his inability to fit into the social life and work. But the episode that most strikes, and that is the last of this series has to do with his inability to love. This inability is constructed the figure of Lisa.
Lisa is a girl found by chance in a brothel and invited her home with the excuse that he loves her. But here you will see the inability to love his obsession: to possess with violence only to humiliate her, as he felt humiliated
Why did you come? "Answer! Reply, "cried almost beside me. I'll tell you, my love, why you came. You are coming because the last time I told you the words of pity. So you touched et'รจ felt like other "words of pity." Well, we know that this time I have laughed at you, know this well. And now you ride. What are you shaking? I laughed, yes! Before m'avevano offended, to lunch, and those who came before me that night? Here, they had been. I come to you for stepping on an officer, but I had not failed, I was not on time, so I had to vent on someone, for that offense, I had to refer back, right? I happened to you six to hand, so my anger and it poured on you, and then I made some great laughs. I was humiliated, and so I wanted to humiliate someone, I was treated like a rag, and it was from my show I felt like my power ..... that's what it was, but you're long gone and to think that I had arrived there on purpose to save you, eh? That 's what you thought? That 's what you thought? [9] .
Lisa is the new man in a life littered the ground from normality, hatred and suspicion toward the neighbor, he feels this woman suddenly confronted with a new and unheard of for him, realizing that this girl does not look like him, a statement, not as he is engaged in a fight, but instead wants to give herself to him for help and be near him, for all his blather that has understand only one thing, he realized that he is deeply, hopelessly unhappy. For the Underground Man this is an unprecedented disclosure of which has only read about in books, he feels only then that there is a different kind of love, a state of grace that can afford to get out of hatred the next that followed him throughout his life, this feeling may be the way that allows him without a struggle to obtain recognition of himself that he had ever really tried to win by imposing its rule and exploiting the other. Lisa as the Christ of the legend of Ivan teach with silence and with only his presence. It will not be rhetoric or the dialectic that will save the world but only silence, contemplating our next goal of not as a means to achieve a goal, but as an end which we should draw, and to achieve this end, perhaps we should remember that before we have a person made in our image and likeness.
hatred towards others, can not lead anywhere, the only concrete result is to develop within our soul consciousness hypertrophic, which we pulling them deeper and deeper in our basement. This soil is loneliness and isolation from human society, it ceases to be a man 'social animal' according to the famous definition of Aristotle, he loses the quality of "social" simply to keep an animal, condemned to struggle for survival, competition with other human beings, with feelings of hostility and hatred, in dreams of revenge and domination. It is in these dreams, and in this gnashing of teeth that he is increasingly macerating the soul of man.
In this work there is no salvation. Our protagonist will be the victim of her I was sick and sick of his freedom. Sibaldi as rightly pointed out in the introduction to Memories of the Basement:
Christ does not have access to the soul of the underground man: the fate of these is not to be saved, to stay on this side, a little 'as the 'friendly Devil's Ivan Karamazov, who said not to have joined, on Ascension Day of Jesus, the glorious choirs of angels held back because of common sense and fear of appearing ridiculous [10]
He will be blocked by reasoning and reasoning, from the ability to reason and to think using common sense will always keep him away from society, and by the common man, which he certainly does not belong in this regard is the interesting part of the novel de The Brothers Karamazov in which Ivan tells of the devil because they joined the merry ranks of cherubim and seraphim of the day Christ's ascension into heaven. Even the devil as the Underground Man is driven by rationalism, which then inhibit its strong artistic streak which led him to join the scenes of jubilation and shout Hosanna too.
I was there - says Ivan Karamazov's Devil - when the Word died on the cross was taken up into heaven, carrying on its bosom the soul of the thief crucified on his right hand, I have heard the joyful shrieks of the cherubim singing and glorifying with the Hosanna and the thunderous cry of rapture of the seraphim which shook heaven and the universe. And here, I swear on all that is sacred, I wanted to join the chorus and shout to everyone: "Hosanna." I already flew away, I tore from his chest ..... I know, are very sensitive, especially art. But common sense - the more unfortunate trait of my character - kept me even then to the extent due and I let the moment pass! Because, I thought at that very minute, what would happen after my "Hosanna"? Now everything would be off the ground and would not happen anymore. And then only to serve and to my status, I was forced to choke me in a good time and stay in the dirt. All about the good if someone else takes it, and I left the lot and only evil. But I do not envy the honor of living scrounger, I are not ambitious. [11]
Lisa had tried, and for her humiliating tumultuous encounter with the Underground Man, a hug to let him know that he would not take much to save: it was enough to recognize his evil, his spiritual distortions. But our character does not collect this opportunity is lost and disappearing into thin air, reducing to a single wound pain, a being who is suffering terribly personal loneliness, totally incapable of any relationship with his peers, but one thing is sure and certain as in Dostoevsky says Nikolai Berdyaev [12] :
There is nothing to lose man, every discovery is only in him, everything depends on him alone. When he was still close to Dostoevsky, N. Strachov observed: "His whole focus was on men and he was stretched to accommodate only their nature and their character. It affects men, only men, their spiritual structure, their way of life, their feelings and thoughts. " [13]
After clarifying this statement one can say with some degree of confidence that memories of the underground, is a novel that has gutted the innermost thoughts of the human mind by focusing it man; man tormented, insecure, hating next poured upon their fears, but depicts a man capable of a self-diagnosis, often convoluted and muddled but always able to find a result, whether positive or negative does not matter, it is commendable that the mind does a meta-communication about itself in order to understand first of all its neighbors.
The Underground Man is not entirely negative because they hide in him the seeds of rebirth. Paradoxically, the wickedness and cynicism are characteristics that can help man an improvement and its rebirth as a forest fire in the ashes of burnt trees are used as fertilizer for the soil, Similarly the feelings of hatred can help the human spirit to move towards its regeneration. The Underground Man is the dawn of man who is looking his way, there remained a man who may still be wrong.
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